Ancient Italy History

The history of Italy begins in the 9th century B.C. when the earliest written records of tribes exist. There were three main groups of people who established the first settlements in the land we call Italy today. The Oscans, Umbrains, and Latins were the three linguistic groups that could be easily separated by their languages.

Eventually the Latin culture was the group to become the most dominant, resulting in Rome?s establishment around 350 B.C. This was the most powerful city-state in Italy?s history, which became a flourishing empire until its fall in 476 A.D. There were many city-states that remained for hundreds of years after Rome fell, which were later conquered by outside forces and annexed.

Ancient Tribes of Italy

Before Rome grew and conquered the surrounding people and lands, Italic tribes were cultures that were not necessarily related or similar in ethnicity and language. Different languages like Greek and Italic were spoken, with each having their own dialects.

Some history of the tribes in Italy is lost due to written records only appearing at a certain time. Mythology has been examined, as well as archaeological ruins, to determine more details about the ancient tribal cultures. The lineages that lived in Italy included descendants of Etruscans, Ligurians, and Raetians.

The Etruscan Civilization

One of the most flourishing civilizations in Italy?s history was the Etruscan culture that appears in records dated after 800 B.C. It?s unknown where the origins of the Etruscans came from, but a popular theory among historians is that they are an indigenous people. Others suggest they moved to their place in Italy in the form of invasion from the Near East or farther north.

The Etruscan civilization grew thanks to their large mining industry of precious metals like iron and copper. Of course, this put them in a sticky situation as competitors with the Greeks, who also enjoyed the rich value of such resources.

Greek Influence on Italy History

Many people from ancient Greece came to Italy, and they brought many cultural elements with them. The Greek language, religion, and political ideas made its way into several regions of Italy that were once primarily influenced by the indigenous tribes that lived there.

A very significant example of this cross-cultural influence was the introduction of a very specific variety of the Greek alphabet. The Etruscans decided to take on this new system of writing and speaking, which was called the Old Italic alphabet. This later evolved into the familiar Latin alphabet, which is the most commonly used one in the world.

To find out more about the history of the ancient world, visit Ancient History

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Mirror Mirror on the wall, where the heck did I fall?

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Lanlish Desert- Very very hot, most people are either wearing robes or barely anything at all. Very little cities are in this area, it is considered by most an impossible place to inhabit. It is also were fire magic is most potent, and it is thought to be the land of Agnin, god of fire. There are a few caravans that pass through and some oasis scattered through out it. Water magic isn't very strong here, and beings that need water don't do very well because it is scarce. Fire beings thrive here, including a few fire demons.

Karidain Mountains- It has a few villages around the base of the mountain, mostly humans live at the base, though there is the occasional ice maidan there too selling their wears. Most of the villagers are priests. If you are going to go up the mountain it is suggested you dress warmly and bring enough food, and to be wary of the creatures that live there, even the human looking ones. At the very top of the mountain there is a cathedral decidacted to the god of light oddly enough. It is the tallest mountain and closest to the heavens, so that may be their reasonings. Light magic is strong here.

Lorerum Woods- there is one village on the outskirt of woods, but as far as the humans are considered there is no one that lives inside. They would be wrong. Deep inside of these woods are dryads that live in the tree, and a city of only elves that live there. The elves are polite if not a bit stuck in there ways. Also...there is a large tree in the middle of the woods, a tree with bark the color of silver...it is said that the tree holds great importance to an almost forgotten god. And any lumberjacks that take up there axe to it meet with unfortunate accidents. This is though to be Gaia's land and ground magic is strong here.

Slith Cave- Dark, gloomy, and deary. This cave is very large, full of twists and turns, it is very easy to get lost in here, and deadly creatures inhabit it like giant spiders and pythers. But, if you are lucky enough to make it to the middle in one piece you will find a town built inside of the very rock. It would be hard to see it if not for the glowing blue rocks. The people who live in this town are mostly thieves, assassins, and the other unwanted. There are even a few demons that live here, deciding to leave the demon realm. This is considered Sharum's realm, and dark magic is strong when used here.

Karrash Ocean- White sandy beaches and sapphire blue waters, this place looks like paradise. There are a few villages around the area, mainly fishermen and sailors live here. There is also one large city on the edge of the beach, filled with merchants and travelers about to make their way to the next country. The attitude is very laid back, and there is a mix of races to find here, from the mers that sing in the bars to the elves that sell their wears. This is considered that realm of Azula, goddess of water, and water magic is very strong here.

There are also a few plains scattered throughout the world where one is likely to run into a few settlements and along with the nomad centaurs.

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Not time to arm Syrians, Pentagon chief says

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Foundational concept of ecology tested: Purple loosestrife altered life in nearby ponds

ScienceDaily (June 23, 2012) ? An elementary school science activity asks children who have each been assigned a wetland plant or animal to connect themselves with string and tape to other "organisms" their assigned plant or animal interacts with in some way.

Once an ecosystem web has been created, the teacher describes an event that affects one "organism." That "organism" tugs on its string. Other "organisms" that feel the tug then tug on their strings in turn.

The lesson is that every organism is important to the health and balance of a wetland and that every organism in the wetland is connected to every other organism in some way.

That's more or less an article of faith among ecologists, but how true is it really? Ecologists rarely have the time or resources to test this foundational concept through experiment.

Now a summer-long study shows that the flowering invasive plant purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) triggers a chain of interactions that ultimately alters the diversity of zooplankton populations in artificial ponds.

The interactions cross traditional ecosystem boundaries, connecting aquatic to terrestrial systems on the wings of dragonflies that exploit, at different times in their lives, the resources of both the water and the land.

"It's easy to say that everything is connected in some way, but how much these connections matter is something that we don't always know," says Kevin G. Smith, PhD, adjunct professor of biology in Arts & Sciences at Washington University in St. Louis and associate director of the Tyson Research Center, WUSTL's 2,000-acre field station.

By verifying one of the foundational ideas of ecology, the experiment, published electronically May 24 by the journal Oecologia in advance of print, will help inform decisions about biological control of invasive species, restoration of degraded habitats and similar ecological issues.

A study long meditated

Smith says the experiment was inspired by work his colleague Tiffany Knight published in 2005. Knight, PhD, associate professor of biology at WUSTL, had showed that plants do better if they are near ponds with fish, because the fish eat dragonfly larvae, reducing the population of dragonflies that prey on plant pollinators.

Smith was intrigued by the study because the effect was indirect and cut across ecosystems as traditionally defined. "Ecologists tend to study forests, or ponds, or glades, but there is a lot of border crossing going on," he says, "and Tiffany's study demonstrated that."

His idea was to see if he could find links that went the other way, connecting land to water instead of water to land. If fish affected land plants, could plants affect fish -- or at any rate aquatic communities?

One plant that might tug hard on ecosystem connections, Smith thought, was the purple loosestrife, which produces many showy flowers and displaces native plants such as cattails that produce few or none.

"The flowers make it functionally different from the native plants," Smith says, "so it seemed possible its presence would cause a disturbance that would ripple through the wetland communities."

But it took a few years for Smith to start the experiment.

"Everybody I talked to about it thought that one of the links would fail; that it wasn't possible for every connection from the plant to the aquatic system to hold as I had hypothesized it would," Smith says. "I sort of felt that way, too. It seemed like a long shot."

Eight artificial wetlands

But the tradition at Tyson Research Center is to challenge fundamental ecological ideas with the methods and tools of science, and so in the summer of 2009, Smith finally undertook what he knew would be a labor-intensive experiment.

He and colleagues Laura A. Burkle, PhD, then a postdoctoral fellow who is now a faculty member at Montana State University, and Joseph R. Mihaljevic, then a WUSTL undergraduate and now a graduate student at the University of Colorado, Boulder, created eight artificial wetlands at Tyson, each consisting of a central stock tank and four smaller surrounding pools.

The tanks were stocked with six species of aquatic plants and three species of snails and inoculated with the smaller zooplankton and phytoplankton drawn from local ponds. The remainder of the aquatic community, such as frogs, dragonflies, flies, beetles and bugs, was allowed to assemble naturally.

Loosestrife plants in pots were placed in each of the four small pools. The pools were separated from the tanks so that only the flowers -- and notplant litter and pollen -- would play a role in the ecosystem of the central pool.

The eight "wetlands" thus created were divided into four treatment groups and the number of loosestrife flowers in each "wetland" was manipulated to mimic differences in loosestrife density.

The loosestrife in two wetlands were left alone but flowers at the other wetlands were picked to reduce their numbers to 75 percent, 50 percent or 25 percent of the flowers at the untouched wetlands.

During the course of the experiment, the small insects visiting the pools were regularly counted and categorized, as were the dragonflies and their behaviors.

At the end of the summer and the experiment, the zooplankton and phytoplankton in the eight central tanks were sampled and identified.

What happened?

The scientists were able to track the effect of the loosestrife flowers across four trophic levels, or levels in the food web, and two ecosystems, the terrestrial and the aquatic ones.

The links worked as follows: Wetlands with abundant flowers attracted more pollinating insects; the insects in turn attracted more of the carnivorous dragonflies; the well-nourished dragonflies laid more eggs in the central ponds; the voracious dragonfly larvae that hatched from the eggs altered the diversity of the zooplankton communities in the ponds.

In an unexpected turn, flowering loosestrife actually increased zooplankton species richness, perhaps, speculates Smith, because they preferentially ate a dominant zooplankton species, releasing others from competition.

"To be honest," Smith says, "although the increase in zooplankton diversity is interesting and surprising, I don't think that specific detail matters too much. Nor, is the point simply that purple loosestrife might be affecting aquatic ecosystems, although that is important from a management perspective.

"What matters is that we showed the interconnections are actually strong enough to transmit disturbances through and across webs. We pushed on one link and something four links away in another ecosystem moved."

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Story Source:

The above story is reprinted from materials provided by Washington University in St. Louis. The original article was written by Diana Lutz.

Note: Materials may be edited for content and length. For further information, please contact the source cited above.

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Journal Reference:

1. Laura A. Burkle, Joseph R. Mihaljevic, Kevin G. Smith. Effects of an invasive plant transcend ecosystem boundaries through a dragonfly-mediated trophic pathway. Oecologia, 2012; DOI: 10.1007/s00442-012-2357-1

Note: If no author is given, the source is cited instead.

Disclaimer: Views expressed in this article do not necessarily reflect those of ScienceDaily or its staff.

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Components to take into Account in Deciding upon the best Plans ...

Like quite a few undertakings in life, it truly is essential to generate a preparatory to-do list as a way to organize the issues that happen to be necessary to be performed. This really is also applicable in building a storage shed.

Even though it may well be a small undertaking, building it with out required building plans is risky not just on the quality of the architecture but could be a risky expenditure too. Like numerous persons faced with the problem of organizing cluttered unused backyard tools and equipments, you almost certainly entertained thoughts of building a storage shed to solve this difficulty. On the other hand, building any architecture, regardless of whether small or huge, needs preparations and among it really is getting plans for a storage shed. Beneath are some of the factors that you require to consider in choosing the most effective storage shed plans.

1. Among the significant variables that you simply will need to think about first is getting blueprints or plans for a storage shed. Blueprints are crucial due to the fact it serves as direction that guides you through the course of building the project. By following storage shed blueprints, you?re confident to get a top quality building structure and wouldn?t risk unnecessary expenditures by miscalculating expenses on the materials because it?ll be indicated in the blueprint also.

2. An efficient storage shed plan should be easy to fully grasp even for newbies. The blueprint ought to also be equipped with important data regarding the expense of the project. This is to ensure that you have sufficient funds to cover the duration of the building and decide beforehand if you can afford the supplies necessary.

3. Building storage sheds needs a trustworthy foundation since it will be the backbone that carries the entire structure. It is possible to either choose a skid kind foundation or concrete foundation. Even though a skid type is typically applied by numerous because of its flexibility to reposition the shed even soon after it?s done to accommodate alterations, concrete provides afar more stable and reliable storage shed.

4. As soon as you?ve listed down all of the essential materials necessary and stockpile the components to make use of, you can now start out building the storage shed. Make certain that you pick and primed the location by leveling the ground to accommodate the shed. Remember that the place you choose will cover adequate space and will be strategically placed so the storage shed will look compatible to your property and wouldn?t conflict with the landscape. Check the legalities too. Ask around your neighborhood building office if a building permit is necessary ahead of starting any project.

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Did you enjoy this post? Why not leave a comment below and continue the conversation, or subscribe to my feed and get articles like this delivered automatically to your feed reader.

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Anti-tax pledge author meets with House GOP, says he's not to blame for Washington impasse (Star Tribune)

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Judge throws out 3 of 51 counts against Sandusky

Former Penn State University assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky arrives at the Centre County Courthouse in Bellefonte, Pa., Thursday, June 21, 2012. Sandusky is charged with 51 counts of child sexual abuse involving 10 boys over a period of 15 years. (AP Photo/Gene J. Puskar)

Former Penn State University assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky arrives at the Centre County Courthouse in Bellefonte, Pa., Thursday, June 21, 2012. Sandusky is charged with 51 counts of child sexual abuse involving 10 boys over a period of 15 years. (AP Photo/Gene J. Puskar)

Former Penn State University assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky arrives at the Centre County Courthouse in Bellefonte, Pa., Thursday, June 21, 2012. Sandusky is charged with 51 counts of child sexual abuse involving 10 boys over a period of 15 years. (AP Photo/Gene J. Puskar)

Former Penn State University assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky's wife Dorothy Sandusky arrives at the Centre County Courthouse in Bellefonte, Pa., Thursday, June 21, 2012. Jerry Sandusky is charged with 51 counts of child sexual abuse involving 10 boys over a period of 15 years. (AP Photo/Gene J. Puskar)

Former Penn State University assistant football coach Jerry Sandusky, right, arrives at the Centre County Courthouse with his wife Dorothy, left, in Bellefonte, Pa., Thursday, June 21, 2012. Sandusky is charged with 51 counts of child sexual abuse involving 10 boys over a period of 15 years. (AP Photo/Gene J. Puskar)

BELLEFONTE, Pa. (AP) ? The judge overseeing Jerry Sandusky's child sex abuse trial has thrown out three of the 51 charges in the case, leaving the former Penn State assistant football coach facing 48 counts.

Judge John Cleland has dismissed two counts of involuntary deviate sexual intercourse related to the alleged sexual abuse of an accuser known as Victim 4. Cleland says the charges did not bear out what testimony revealed.

In his ruling, released Thursday morning, Cleland says he would have been required to set aside any convictions on those counts, because "the verdict was not supported by the evidence."

He also dismissed a count that he says was the same as another charge.

Cleland also ruled against a defense motion to dismiss five counts related to a boy who was allegedly seen with Sandusky by a janitor.

Associated Press

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